Deciphering Mysteries Of Black Holes: Delving into the Depths of Black Holes Beyond the Event Horizon -Part 2
- Ananya Sharma
- Apr 3, 2024
- 7 min read
Hello, Everyone!
In the earlier blog post, we observed Black Holes as the regions of space with an extremely potent gravitational pull that even light cannot escape from them and they come into existence once the dying stars shrink due to the gravitational pull of the dying stars poised toward the death of their life cycle. The gravitational pull is strong due to the concentration of mass in a tiny space, called Singularity making a black hole a region with infinite density and therefore possessing an extremely powerful gravitational pull. We also discussed the birth and the theories associated with their birth in the first part of this blog post.
Resonating with the previous section of this blog post, we will now delve into the various classifications of black holes.
So let's get started.
Classifications Of Black Hole:-
Black holes exist distinctively in the universe with every black hole possessing traits such as its mass, size, and characteristics.
1. Steller Mass Black Holes:- These are the very basic types of black holes that evolve as a result of the death of colossal stars. Their mass ranges from several multitudes of the Sun's mass to about twentyfold the mass of the Sun. Steller Black Holes occur when the core of a colossal collapsing star shrinks towards itself. Since the core is shrunk to a high level this catalyses a supernova explosion in which the dying star gets rid of its exteriors in space. The gravitational collapse of the core gives way to an array of events responsible for the supernova explosion such as Core Collapse, Rebound, Supernova Shockwave, Ejection of Material, Neutron Star, or Black Hole Formation.
->Core Collapse:-Stars fundamentally have molecular hydrogen (H2) as their nuclear fuel. In the intense heat and pressure, the nucleus of two individual hydrogen atoms(having one proton each because the atomic number of a hydrogen atom is 1 and the atomic number of an atom =no of protons in the nucleus) combine to form a helium nucleus (He3) along with a release of energy which acts against the gravitational pull of the core.
This resonates with Eeinstein's equation E=mc2; where E=Energy converted,m=mass of a particle,c=speed of light(3*10^8 m/s). A small mass of hydrogen nuclei is converted into a large amount of energy. This exactly happens in our star Sun as well. But when the star falls short of nuclear fuel hydrogen; the fusion reaction (integration of nuclei of two hydrogen atoms) stops there is the cessation of the outward pressure resulting from the fusion reaction, and the inward gravitational pull wins eventually leading to the gravitational collapse of the core.
->Rebound:- During the supernova process the core of the dying star experiences a strong inward pull leading to extreme levels of density and temperature and the material surrounding the core is pulled into the core. Still; at a certain point, the infalling material when it experiences extreme levels of density and temperature is forcefully pushed away or in scientific terms marked as the material being rebounded outward resulting in an extremely powerful shockwave.
->Ejection of Material: The shockwave owing rebound of the material falling into the superdense and heated core creates a disbalance of the outer layers of the star, and this disbalance results in their expulsion in space at supreme velocities and this ejection of material is a basic feature of a supernova explosion. The expelled material in space comprises materials formed in the star's core along with other remnants of the dying collapsing star from the outer layers of the star expelled into space during a supernova explosion.
->Neutron Star or a Black Hole: The collapsed core of a colossal star resulting from a supernova explosion having a mass about 1.4 to three times that of the Sun, a radius of approximately eight kilometers, and having density like that of a neutron then that collapsed core is symbolized as a Neutron star.
If the collapsed core has a mass of about twenty folds that of the Sun then it is termed a Black Hole. Most importantly the core left out after the supernova explosion has an extremely large mas, for instance,e five to fiftyfold of the sun's mass than the gravitational pull turns it into a core with infinite density.
Note:-
-> If the collapsed core has a mass of about twenty folds that of the Sun then it is termed as a Black Hole.
->Stellar Mass black holes are on a journey to gain more mass by impacting with other stars and black holes.
->Accretion Disk: It is the most fascinating part of a black hole. Interestingly, it is a somewhat flat circulating disc of gas that surrounds a black hole, newborn star, or any such colossal object that gulps matter.
Pic Source: Forbes
Stars surrounded by; accretion disks may have dust particles which are evidence of a planet formation near stars. For Instance, BETA PICTORIS IS A STAR SURROUNDED BY ACCRETION DISK.
Pic Source: WEB SPACE TELESCOPE
->In binary star systems both stars orbit one another. If a more massive star loses its nuclear fuel it collapses and becomes a black hole. The less big star might continue on its metamorphosis or be under the influence of the newly formed black hole.
X-Ray Binaries: These are exclusive occurrences in the black hole period; when it attracts gas from the star in its vicinity forming a disk of gas circulating about the black hole. When this gas gets heated up to large temperatures, it emanates X-rays which are then traced by a telescope.
Amazingly by leveraging predictions of such X-ray binaries, the scientists have recognized 50 anticipated or predicted stellar Mass Black Holes within our galaxy-Milky Way Galaxy. Although there may be 100 million stellar-mass black holes concealed in our galaxy awaiting their discovery by scientists and astronomers.
Pic Sourc : NASA https://www.nasa.gov/gallery/chandra-x-ray-observatory/
Pic Source:eoPortal https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/chandra
A Black Hole yielded from a supernova explosion has five to fiftyfold of the sun's mass and whether or not the collapsing star will turn out to be a neutron star or a black hole depends on its mass; the greater the mass of the collapsing star the greater will be the probability for the star to be a black hole.
2. Supermassive Black Holes:- These Black Holes are positioned at the center of almost every galaxy and our Milky Way Galaxy also has a Supermassive Black Hole. These immensely large black holes are known to possess gigantic masses of millions to billions of times that of the Sun.
Before delving into the aspects of this black hole, let's first understand what Accretion of Matter is. It is the unification of cosmic particles in a gigantic object that gravitationally attracts more cosmic matter, usually gaseous matter into the accretion disk.
The supermassive black holes are predicted to expand in a period owing to the accretion of matter (i.e. accumulation of matter in it) and merging of smaller black holes.
These mysterious black holes exist in every colossal galaxy, including our Milky Way, and are believed to possess an extremely massive mass i.e. billionfolds of the Sun's mass. However, scientists have put a minimum limit on the mass of these colossal cosmic wonders to be tens of thousands of the sun's mass. For Instance, the one at the center of our Milky Way galaxy is SAGITTARIUS A*{Also called ey-star) has a mass of 4 millionfolds of the Sun's mass; however, this mass is not that large which is of mass of supermassive black holes in different galaxies spanning in the universe. For instance, the mass of a supermassive black hole in the galaxy {Holmberg A} is approximately 40 billion suns combined.
Scientists are still unsure regarding the origin of these black holes.
Some studies show that these black holes evolved in the initial billion years once the universe happened to exist. They also estimate that; the supermassive black holes might be a result of the death of supermassive stars in the universe which then forwarded their journey to be a supermassive black hole.
Although the early signs for the pursuit of the evolution of these gigantic black holes are not known; according to scientists and astronomers these black holes tend to expand by guping on the cosmic matter such as steller mass relatives as well as the neutron stars. They can also join with different prevailing suppermassive black holes when galaxies come into collision with each other.
3. Intermediate Black Holes:- These black holes are believed to have masses greater than stellar black holes and smaller than supermassive black holes. It is anticipated that the origination of these black holes is due to the unification of less massive black holes or the bang of a large group of stars.
Scientists are unsure about the difference between masses of stellar mass black holes and supermassive black holes. They anticipate that there should be a continuation of the masses of stellar mass black holes as the intermediate black holes might have resulted owing to the impact of the stellar mass black holes. There is research going on by scientists to figure out instances of black holes that would have a mass between one hundred to hundreds of thousands of times that of the Sun—or tens of thousands, depending on how the supermassive black holes are detailed.
A multitude of such black holes have been recognized but many of them lie in uncertainty awaiting to be unveiled.
Pic Source: Hybebeast https://hypebeast.com/2020/9/astronomy-intermediate-mass-black-hole-spotted-news
4.Primordial Black Holes:-
These black holes are imaginary black holes that might have originated with the initial occurrence of the universe significantly after the Big Bang explosion. According to one assumption, they might have evolved owing to gravitational pull directed inward of the tightly packed areas of the cosmic matter or owing to the instability of the initial universe. A proposal by scientists details that the primordial black holes originated within the initial second following the universe's inception. During this timeframe, the hot and dense cosmic regions might have led to the emergence of a black hole with a variance in mass from 100000 times lighter than a paperclip to 100000 heavier than the Sun. But with time the expansion and cooling of the universe, there were no conditions that might lead to the formation of black holes. Scientists still lack solid proof of these black holes regardless of their persistent efforts to find them.Might be due to changes in the tiniest particles of the universe the early black holes vanished .As per the inferences of a theory black holes lighter than a mountain disappeared as compared to their heavier counterparts; leaving a chance of detection of heavier black holes.
5. Microscopic Black Holes:- These black holes are imaginary black holes that possess a size smaller than that of the stellar-mass black holes and are anticipated to be present in very small scales typically at the levels of atoms and subatomic particles{quantum level-branch of physics dealing with phenomena occurring at very small scales i.e. at the levels of atoms and subatomic particles}. They can be significantly made by humans by collisions of particles having high levels of energy for instance in particle accelerators.
Conclusively,every black hole distinctively possesses special characteristics and behaviors but all back holes have an event horizon (an imaginary boundary beyond which nothing,i.e. not even light can escape).
Thank You
References:-
https://www.energy.gov/science/doe-explainsrelativity https://study.com/academy/lesson/time-dilation-description-explanation-examples.html#:~:text=In%20time%20dilation%2C%20time%20moves,Albert%20Einstein's%20Theory%20of%20Relativity.
A brilliant deep dive into the mysterious and intriguing concept of black holes..fascinating blog post
Thanks for diving into the mysterious world beyond black holes' event horizons. Your insights help me understand these cosmic wonders better. Wonderful Post ❤️